Funding for this research was provided by:
Experimental Technology Research Project of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (2025-1.1-05)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2024BRA009)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (12272146)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (12572188)
Article Title: Actuation mechanisms and machine learning-based optimization for the twisted and coiled artificial muscles: a review
Journal Title: Smart Materials and Structures
Article Type: paper
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Publication dates
Date Received: 2025-07-15
Date Accepted: 2026-01-16
Online publication date: 2026-02-05