Woody, Maxwell https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6610-2777
Yin, Sally
Green, Antara
Hitt, Christian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4640-8610
Liu, Alexander
Tomkins, Sabina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2632-8173
Keoleian, Gregory A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7096-1304
Funding for this research was provided by:
Responsible Battery Coalition (AWD021363)
University of Michigan Electric Vehicle Center (498865)
Article Title: Total cost of ownership of electric and gasoline used vehicles
Journal Title: Environmental Research Letters
Article Type: paper
Copyright Information: © 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd
Publication dates
Date Received: 2025-11-02
Date Accepted: 2026-01-15
Online publication date: 2026-01-27