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Authors
Yadav, Kamya
Wanless, Alicia
Lai, Samantha
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Chapter History
First Online: 10 January 2026
Acknowledgments
: The authors are grateful to Michael Berk for his feedback on the article.
: The authors are affiliated with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace’s Information Environment Project. The IEP is grateful for funding provided by the Government of Canada, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, Craig Newmark Philanthropies, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, Microsoft, Meta, Google, Twitter, and WhatsApp. The IEP is wholly and solely responsible for the content of its products, written or otherwise. We welcome conversations with new donors. All donations are subject to Carnegie’s donor policy review. We do not allow donors prior approval of drafts, influence on selection of project participants, or any influence over the findings and recommendations of work they may support.
