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Chapter History

First Online: 17 May 2025

Author Contribution Statement

: Each author contributed significantly to the development of this chapter. Tanveer Ahmed led the overall conceptualization and frameworks of the chapter, supervised the writing process, and coordinated the manuscript development. Huma Naz conducted primary research, contributed to data analysis, and wrote sections on the methodology. Basharat Ali provided expertise on case studies and played a key role in the conclusion. Asma Shahbaz co-wrote the introduction, discussed the implications of the findings, and assisted with revisions. Isha Akram reviewed related work and contributed to the literature review. Ayesha Ilyas assisted with data visualization, reviewed the drafts, and ensured clarity. Muhammad Hamza Babar coordinated data collection and contributed to the final proofreading. Noor Fatima assisted with data collection and reviewed drafts for accuracy. Javed Iqbal provided expertise in statistical analysis and data interpretation. Yasir Niaz contributed to the theoretical discussions and case study analysis. Habib Ali coordinated the structure and flow of the chapter and ensured consistency across sections, providing final editorial support. Together, the authors collaborated closely to ensure the chapter’s depth and quality.