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Chapter History

First Online: 17 May 2025

Author Contribution Statement

: Sadia Zafar led the conceptualization, writing, and revision of the chapter, ensuring its overall structure and coherence. Javed Iqbal provided key insights into data interpretation and statistical analysis, contributing to the manuscript’s clarity and accuracy. Maria Bilal co-wrote several sections, focusing on the methodology and literature review. Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi contributed to the research design and analysis of case studies, enriching the chapter’s depth. Shoaib Khan supported the writing process, particularly in the discussion and conclusion sections. Shumaila Ijaz provided assistance in the collection and analysis of data, contributing to the methodology section. Zakir Ullah contributed to the theoretical framework and assisted in structuring the manuscript. Ghulam Murtaza contributed to data visualization and collaborated in refining the final draft. Rashid Iqbal provided editorial support, ensuring consistency and clarity throughout. Lubna Ansari assisted with research analysis and helped in reviewing and proofreading the manuscript. Rabia Kazmi contributed to the writing of specific sections and provided valuable feedback. Hafsa Ansar contributed to the final revisions and editing, ensuring the chapter’s quality and coherence.