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First Online: 19 March 2026

Declarations

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: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Christian J. Kuster is employee of a company that conducts and evaluates risk assessments for regulatory purposes in the context of authorization and marketing of their company’s products. He contributes as an individual scientific expert to the working-groups of the ICPPE initiative for development and evaluation of a state-of-the-art risk assessment methodology. The authors declare that they have no further conflict of interest.

: The authors declare compliance with ethical standards stated in the Authors Instructions.