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Article History

Received: 1 July 2022

Revised: 13 October 2022

Accepted: 21 October 2022

First Online: 1 November 2022

Declarations

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: Epigenomic Medicine Program (TCK) was supported financially by McCord Research (Iowa, USA), which has a financial interest in dietary compounds including sulforaphane. The remaining co-authors declare that they have no direct financial relation with the commercial identities mentioned in this manuscript that might lead to a conflict of interest.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Six-week-old female BALB/c mice were obtained from Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Bioservices (prevention model; Parkville, VIC, Australia) and Monash Animal Services (reversal model; Clayton, VIC, Australia). The prevention model experimental protocol was approved by the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Animal Ethics Committee (approval no. A597). The reversal model experimental protocol was approved by the Monash University Animal Ethics Committee (MARP/2012/085). All experimental procedures followed the Australian guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals for scientific purposes. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were fractionated using Ficoll Paque (GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, USA) from blood samples (healthy participants; n = 4) obtained from the Australian Red Cross Blood Bank (Melbourne, VIC, Australia) under ethics project (#304/12) approved by the Alfred Hospital Ethics Committee (Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia). Human epithelial lung A549 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).