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Article History

Received: 20 November 2025

Accepted: 13 February 2026

First Online: 7 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The larval samples captured with plankton nets deployed from research vessels were dead on retrieval and sampled at this time, and all plankton net operations were carried out in high seas outside the Exclusive Economic Zone. Therefore, the approval of coastal states was not required under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). All experimental fish were handled and treated in accordance with the Guidelines for Animal Experimentation at the Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency ( FRA ). All experimental protocols and procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the FRA (permission code: 24023).