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Authors
Carta, E. L. S. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8033-4696
Painting, C. J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0701-2648
Birch, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-2445
Mortensen, A. N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4560-0574
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Waikato
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Article History
Received: 21 May 2026
Revised: 18 June 2026
Accepted: 21 June 2026
First Online: 9 July 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: No licenses or approvals are required for experimental work on arthropods in New Zealand. However, bee welfare was considered throughout via good husbandry and land management. Where bees needed to be euthanised ahead of natural death, this was done via freezing at -20 °C (an accepted method for humanely killing bees; Human et al. ).
