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Authors
Palone, M.
Beccari, A.
Maino, G. B.
Bertozzi, G.
Cremonini, F.
Lombardo, L.
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Article History
Received: 5 November 2024
Accepted: 26 July 2025
First Online: 10 October 2025
Declarations
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: M. Palone, A. Beccari, G.B. Maino, G. Bertozzi, F. Cremonini and L. Lombardo declare that they have no competing interests.
: This retrospective study was approved by the University of Ferrara Postgraduate School of Orthodontics ethics committee and accepted as protocol no. 8/2023. Written informed consent to participate was obtained from all patients included in the study, or from their parents/legal guardians in the case of minors under 18 years of age.
