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Authors
Palone, Mario
Pepe, Filippo
Grotteria, Claudia
Cremonini, Francesca
Maino, Giuliano Bortolo
Brucculeri, Luca
Lombardo, Luca
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Università degli Studi di Ferrara
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Article History
Received: 31 May 2025
Accepted: 26 January 2026
First Online: 3 March 2026
Declarations
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: Maino B. Giuliano is among the inventors of MAPA system and the owners of the registered international patent (WO2016034973). None of the authors has financial interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication or give information about existing conflict of interests.
: The protocol for this study was approved by the Ethical Committe of the postgraduate School of Orthodontics of the University of Ferrara (protocol no. 5/2024). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was designed following both the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines and PICOS terms.
: A written informed consent was obtained from each participant in the study. For underage participants, written consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians.
