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Authors
Keß, Stefan
Nordblom, Noah Frieder
Geim, Laura
Stellzig-Eisenhauer, Angelika
Kunz, Felix
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
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Article History
Received: 23 August 2025
Accepted: 24 March 2026
First Online: 26 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was designed as a cross-sectional, multicenter cohort study, developed in interdisciplinary collaboration with the Institute of Clinical Psychology at the University Würzburg and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital Würzburg (#305/17). Data were collected in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients were recruited from three university departments of orthodontics (University Hospital Würzburg, University Hospital Erlangen, University Hospital Regensburg) and five orthodontic practices. Prior to participation in the study, both subjects and their legal guardians were provided with verbal information, and written informed consent was obtained.
