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Article History

Received: 5 September 2025

Revised: 3 January 2026

Accepted: 22 January 2026

First Online: 23 February 2026

Declarations

:

: S.J. Schaller received grants and non-financial support from Reactive Robotics GmbH (Munich, Germany), ASP GmbH (Attendorn, Germany), STIMIT AG (Biel, Switzerland), ESICM (Geneva, Switzerland), grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH (Bad Homburg, Germany), grants from the Innovationsfond of The Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) and the European Commission/EU, personal fees from Springer Verlag GmbH (Vienna, Austria) for educational purposes and Advanz Pharma GmbH (Bielefeld, Germany), non-financial support from national and international societies (and their congress organizers) in the field of anesthesiology and intensive care medicine, outside the submitted work. Dr. Schaller holds small amounts of stock from Alphabet Inc., Ascendis Pharma Inc., Bayer AG, and Siemens AG; these holdings have not affected any decisions regarding his research or this study. E.M. Sarkandy, G. Gertz, L.O. Warner, F. Hamdo, M. Maechler, P. Tohsche, C. Hodgson and S.G.R. Klotz declare that they have no competing interests.

: For this article no studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors. All studies mentioned were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case.