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Article History

Received: 8 January 2025

Accepted: 3 June 2025

First Online: 4 August 2025

Conflict of interest

: The Department of Radiation Oncology of the LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich has research agreements with Elekta, Brainlab, and C‑RAD outside the submitted work. E. Degerli, K. El-Marouk, S. Mansoorian, C. Richlitzki, D. Kauffmann-Guerrero, T. Duell, N.-S. Schmidt-Hegemann, A. Tufman and K. Khaltar declare that they have no competing interests related to this manuscript. A. Tufman receives travel support from Pfizer and Amgen. F. Manapov receives honoraria from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Roche, Lilly, Elekta and Brainlab outside the submitted work. F. Manapov serves on the advisory board of AstraZeneca, Novartis. L. Käsmann receives an unrestricted Research Institutional Grant from AstraZeneca. L. Käsmann receives honoraria from AMGEN. C. Belka reports receiving grants or contracts from ViewRay, Brainlab, and Elekta; payment or honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Roche, Merck, AstraZeneca, Opasca, C‑RAD, Elekta, and ViewRay; receiving support for attending meetings or travel from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Roche, Merck, AstraZeneca, Elekta, and ViewRay; and having a leadership or fiduciary role with ESTRO, all outside the submitted work. N. Reinmuth reports receiving honoraria for speaker activities and participation in advisory boards for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Roche, and Takeda outside the submitted work. C. Eze reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis outside the submitted work.