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Article History

Received: 15 April 2025

Accepted: 5 October 2025

First Online: 14 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The AKTIN project was approved by the Ethics Committee of Otto von Guericke University, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg (160/15–23.11.2015). This study used data from the AKTIN Emergency Department Data Registry, which follows a strict data protection concept. All patient data were aggregated before analysis, and no personally identifiable information was accessible to the researchers. According to national and institutional regulations, explicit patient consent was not required for the use of anonymized or pseudonymized registry data. The AKTIN registry operates on an opt-out basis, meaning that patients have the right to withdraw their data from transfer to the TDAC at any time. Participating Emergency Departments are required to inform patients about the registry and their right to object to data processing.

: We declare no use of generative AI.

: The authors declare no competing interests.