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Authors
Backstrom, Denise https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-4600
Henningsson, Ragnar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4006-2591
Lubenow, Norbert https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9511-6740
Wikman, Agneta
McCartin, Michael Patrick https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7940-9591
Blumen, Ira J. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6211-8850
Norman, Jeremy F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6716-2472
Schoenfeld, David W. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3909-3728
Thomas, Stephen H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-5921
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Linköping University
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Article History
Received: 6 April 2025
Accepted: 15 November 2025
First Online: 13 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the USA base site institutional review board (IRB #2023P001106) and the Swedish Etikprövningsmyndigheten (Approval #2024-02270-01-592049). The study involved a retrospective review of prehospital data and did not require individual patient consent per institutional guidelines.
: Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including images or videos).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
