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Authors
Kakei, Yasumasa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5997-514X
Sader, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0265-0301
Akashi, Masaya https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0432-3299
Thoenissen, Philipp https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6032-2835
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Kobe University
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Article History
Received: 28 November 2025
Accepted: 12 January 2026
First Online: 27 February 2026
Declarations
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: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee.
: Not applicable.
: The requirement for informed consent was waived because the study used anonymized secondary data from the NDB.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
