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Authors
Deininger, Matthias Manfred https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8627-0284
Wassersteiner, Paul
Haehn, Nico https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1095-0212
Huth, Judith https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3508-2829
Marx, Gernot https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0866-4234
Weber, Christian David https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8778-8002
Hildebrand, Frank https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7729-9838
Simon, Tim-Philipp https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3626-9015
Benstoem, Carina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4604-6771
Breuer, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3804-8811
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
RWTH Aachen University
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Article History
Received: 7 November 2025
Accepted: 12 January 2026
First Online: 23 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Germany (approval number: EK23-216). Due to the retrospective and anonymized data analysis, written informed patient consent was waived. All research procedures complied with the ethical standards of the institutional review board and the applicable guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used AI tools, including Paperpal by Editage (version 4.24.0) and ChatGPT by OpenAI (version ChatGPT-5.2 Thinking/Pro), to improve language and readability. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.
: Frank Hildebrand is an Editor of the European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, consistent with the journal’s competing interest’s policy, this submission was overseen by an independent Editor. Frank Hildebrand had no role in reviewer selection or editorial decisions, and the manuscript underwent the same review process as any other submission. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
