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Authors
Bewersdorf, Tim Niklas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1188-4791
Lefering, Rolf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0141-1747
Stein, Stephan https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3563-0283
Streblow, Jan https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8903-1621
Findeisen, Sebastian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4083-1311
Schmidmaier, Gerhard https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6711-7380
Grossner, Tobias https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8953-9384
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medizinische Fakultät Heidelberg der Universität Heidelberg
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Article History
Received: 9 March 2026
Accepted: 6 June 2026
First Online: 15 June 2026
Declarations
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: The present study is exclusively based on routinely collected data gathered for the purpose of legally required external quality control. Thus, no patient consent was required. The research was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Ethics Committee board, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany granted a general approval of such de-personalized data (No. S-172/2025).
: The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the register-based study design.
: RL declares that his institution (University Witten/Herdecke) has an ongoing service agreement with AUC GmbH (Akademie der Unfallchirurgie; the owner of the TraumaRegister DGU) which includes the statistical support in registry data analysis. The other authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
