Document is current

Article History

Received: 29 July 2025

Accepted: 7 August 2025

First Online: 8 January 2026

Declarations

:

: P. Kranke received consultation fees from TEVA Ratiopharm, Sintetica, Baxter, Amicus Clinical Development, BBraun. P. K. has received compensation to give lectures and perform educational activities for Fresenius Kabi, CSL Vifor, Senzyme, CSL Behring, Pharmacosmos, Baxter, Pajunk, Gruenenthal, Livanova. P. Meybohm received honoraria for scientific lectures from CSL Behring GmbH, Pharmacosmos GmbH, and CSL Vifor GmbH. B.K. Philip received consultancy honoraria from Haisco-US. L. Marin: Between 2022 and 2023 received speakers and consultancy honoraria from Baxter. Since 2023. LM has declined any further financial, travel-related, or other forms of direct or indirect compensation from Baxter. K. Zacharowski: The Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy of the University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University received support from B. Braun Melsungen, Melsungen (Germany), CSL Behring, Hattersheim (Germany), Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg (Germany), and Vifor Pharma, Munich (Germany) for the implementation of Frankfurt‘s Patient Blood Management program. KZ has received honoraria for participation in advisory board meetings for Haemonetics, Boston (USA) and Vifor, Munich (Germany) and received speaker fees from CSL Behring, Hattersheim (Germany), Masimo, Irvine (USA), Pharmacosmos, Copenhagen (Denmark), Boston Scientific, Düsseldorf (Germany), Salus, Bruckmühl (Germany), iSEP, Nantes (France), Edwards, Munich (Germany), Hemosonics, Asnières-sur-Seine (France) and GE Healthcare, Düsseldorf (Germany). He is the principal investigator of the EU-Horizon 2020 project ENVISION (Intelligent plug-and-play digital tool for real-time surveillance of COVID-19 patients and smart decision-making in intensive care units) and Horizon Europe 2021 project COVend (Biomarker and AI-supported FX06 therapy to prevent progression from mild and moderate to severe stages of COVID-19). Partner for EU Horizon 2023 project EDiHTA. KZ leads as CEO the Christoph Lohfert Foundation, Hamburg (Germany) as well as the Health, Patient Safety & PBM Foundation, Bad Homburg (Germany). R. Kleinberg declares no conflicts of interest.

: For this article no studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors. All studies mentioned were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case.The supplement containing this article is not sponsored by industry.