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Article History

Received: 24 May 2025

Accepted: 19 August 2025

First Online: 16 September 2025

Declarations

:

: M. Elhaie, A. Koozari and Q.T. Alshammari declare that they have no competing interests.

: This systematic review was based on the analysis of previously published studies and did not involve primary data collection or direct human participant interaction. Therefore, no separate ethics approval or Internal Review Board (IRB) approval was required for this study. All included studies were evaluated for ethical conduct using the QUADAS‑2 tool, ensuring that they adhered to appropriate ethical standards, including obtaining ethics approval from their respective institutional review boards or ethics committees as reported in their publications. This systematic review did not involve direct recruitment of human participants or primary data collection. All included studies were peer-reviewed publications or high-quality preprints involving human participants with suspected or confirmed fatty liver disease. Each included study was expected to have obtained informed consent from participants as per their respective ethics approvals, as assessed during our quality evaluation using the QUADAS‑2 tool. No additional consent was required for this review.

: The supplement containing this article is not sponsored by industry.