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Article History

Received: 19 February 2020

Accepted: 2 April 2020

First Online: 21 May 2020

Ethics approval

: This study is based in part on data from the CPRD obtained under licence from the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. The data are provided by patients and collected by the NHS as part of their care and support. ONS and HES data are subject to Crown copyright (2018) protection, re-used with the permission of The Health, & Social Care Information Centre, all rights reserved. The OPCS Classification of Interventions and Procedures, codes, terms and text is Crown copyright (2016) published by the Health and Social Care Information Centre, also known as NHS Digital, and licensed under the Open Government Licence available at. The interpretation and conclusions contained in this study are those of the authors alone. The study was approved by the Independent Scientific Advisory Committee (ISAC) for CPRD research, ref. 15_123Mn.

: NS reports grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and personal fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi, outside the submitted work. DMA reports research funding from AbbVie, Almirall, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Union Chimique Belge (UCB) and the LEO Foundation outside the submitted work. MKR reports receiving research funding from Novo Nordisk, consultancy fees from Novo Nordisk and Roche Diabetes Care, and modest owning of shares in GlaxoSmithKline, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.