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Article History

Received: 27 April 2022

Accepted: 16 March 2023

First Online: 19 May 2023

Acknowledgement

: We thank T. Schiemann from the German Diabetes Center (Institute for Biometric and Epidemiology) for assistance in contacting authors of studies with missing information and for data preparation.

: Data were extracted from published research papers, all of which are available and accessible. All datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The study protocol has been published (PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020193692; ExternalRef removed) and is available without restrictions.

: The German Diabetes Center (DDZ) is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Culture and Science of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia. This study was supported in part by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research to the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD). The funders had no role in the study design or data collection, analysis and interpretation.  Open Access funding enabled and organised by Projekt DEAL.

: CH is a member of the editorial board of <i>Diabetologia</i>. MR received personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Eli Lilly, Fishawack Group, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi US, Target NASH and Terra Firma, and investigator-initiated research support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Nutricia/Danone and Sanofi-Aventis. All other authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: MR and SS designed the study and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. AL, NC, PL, MN, JB and SS performed the literature search and literature screening. CH assisted in the selection of eligible studies. AL, NC, PL and MN extracted data and KP assisted with extraction of data on treatment. AL, NC, PL, MN and SS assessed the risk of bias of the studies and JB, MN and SS assessed the certainty of evidence of the associations. SS performed the statistical analysis and OK assisted with the statistical analysis. All authors contributed to data acquisition, data interpretation and revision of manuscript drafts and read and approved the final manuscript. SS is the guarantor of this work.