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Article History

Received: 9 March 2023

Accepted: 25 April 2023

First Online: 10 June 2023

Acknowledgements

: The authors would like to thank all EPIC participants and staff for their contributions. Special thanks go to N. Kerrison (Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK) for managing the EPIC-InterAct data and to the laboratory team at the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK for managing the blood samples.

: The datasets analysed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: The EPIC-InterAct project was funded by the European Union FP6 programme (grant no. LSHM_CT_2006_037197). Measurements of GAD65Ab were funded by the National Institutes of Health grant DK-26190 (CSH), Västerbotten County Council and Umeå University (OR) and Medical Research Council grant MC_UU_12015/1 (NJW). A-ML, SC and JEL were supported by the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE, 2018-00337), Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF19OC0057274), Swedish Research Council (2018-03035) and Swedish Diabetes Foundation (DIA2022-735). RZ-R was supported by the ‘Miguel Servet II’ (CPII20/00009) programme from the Institute of Health Carlos III (co-funded by European Social Fund [ESF] investing in your future). MBS was supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the State of Brandenburg to the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) (82DZD03D03). NGF and NJW acknowledge support from the MRC Epidemiology Unit (grants MC_UU_00006/1 and MC_UU_00006/3). NGF, AK and NJW acknowledge support from the National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR203312), and NGF is an NIHR Senior Investigator. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The study funders were not involved in the design of the study; the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; writing the report; and did not impose any restrictions regarding the publication of the report. Open access funding was provided by Karolinska Institutet.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: JEL, SC and OR conceptualised the study and formulated the analysis plan. A-ML performed the statistical analyses and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. CSH, OR and NJW coordinated and initiated the GAD65Ab measurements, with CSH leading the laboratory undertaking these analyses. AK led the laboratory where plasma phospholipid fatty acids were analysed. All authors except for A-ML, SC and JEL contributed to the acquisition of data. All authors contributed to the interpretation and revision of the manuscript and have approved its final version. NJW is the guarantor of this work. Where authors are identified as personnel of the IARC / WHO, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the IARC/WHO.