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Article History

Received: 6 February 2023

Accepted: 18 April 2023

First Online: 30 June 2023

Acknowledgements

: Data collection in the KORA study was performed in cooperation with the University Hospital of Augsburg. An abstract of this paper was submitted to the EUHEA (European Health Economics Association) Conference 2022 ‘Health Economics for Sustainable Welfare Systems’ (Oslo, Norway), and was presented orally by Min Fan.

: The data are subject to national data protection laws, and restrictions were imposed by the Ethics Committee of the Bavarian Medical Association to ensure data privacy of the study participants; therefore, data cannot be made freely available in a public repository. Data are third-party and belong to the KORA research platform, but may be accessed for specific research projects through individual project agreements. Interested researchers can request data from KORA via the online tool (). Interested researchers, who agree to the general terms and conditions of the KORA data user agreement, can therefore access the data of KORA in the same way that we did.

: Parts of this work were funded by iPDM-GO (Integrated Personalised Diabetes Management), for which we received funding from the European Institute for Innovation and Technology (EIT) through its Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT Health. The EIT is a body of the European Union that receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. The KORA study was initiated and financed by the Helmholtz Zentrum München/German Research Center for Environmental Health, which is funded by the German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung and the State of Bavaria. Open Access funding enabled and organised by Projekt DEAL.  

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: MF analysed and interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. ML conceptualised and designed the study, interpreted the data, and contributed to acquisition of the data and drafting the article. A-JS and KE-F contributed to the drafting of the article and revised it critically for important intellectual content. AP made contributions to the acquisition of the data, and critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors gave final approval of the version to be published. MF and ML are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of this data analysis.