Document is current

Article History

Received: 2 February 2023

Accepted: 25 April 2023

First Online: 17 June 2023

Acknowledgements

: We are grateful to the participating families and children and all members of the Fr1da study team at the Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich; the Forschergruppe Diabetes at Klinikum rechts der Isar; School of Medicine, Technical University Munich; and the Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. at Helmholtz Munich, Germany. We also thank all primary care paediatricians and clinical centres participating in the Fr1da study group ().

: The de-identified individual participant data that underlie the results (text, tables, figures and , excluding genetic data) reported in this article can be shared between 9 and 36 months after publication of the article. Requests will be honoured from researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal and who complete a Data Use Agreement with Helmholtz Munich. Requests should be directed by email to the corresponding authors.

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This work was supported by a grant from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant FKZ01KX1818). The Fr1da study was supported by JDRF International (1-SRA-2014–310-M-R, 3-SRA-2015–72-M-R, 3-SRA-2019–718-Q-R), LifeScience Stiftung (HMGU 2014.01 and HMGU 2016.01), The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (G-1911–3274) and the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.). The DiMelli cohort study was supported by funds from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research to the Competence Network Diabetes Mellitus (FKZ 01GI0805), and to the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.). The funding sources were not involved in the design or conduct of the study; the collection, management, analysis or interpretation of the data; the preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: PA is a member of the Editorial Board of <i>Diabetologia</i>. All other authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: SH, JC, NF and PA performed data analysis. JC, CW, KK, J. Stock, FR, CR, J. Schmidt, DL, S. Braig, DD, UE, E-MG, LW, NN-H, S. Brämswig, MS, ST and AL researched the data and reviewed and edited the manuscript. A-GZ and EB were responsible for study design. A-GZ and PA were responsible for study conduct. A-GZ is the principal investigator of the Fr1da study. SH, A-GZ, EB and PA drafted the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. SH and PA are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.