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Authors
Bowden, Nicholas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4589-9956
Dixon, Rachael https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-7997
Anderson, Vivienne https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-8998
de Bock, Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0454-6679
Boucsein, Alisa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6266-8802
Kewene-Edwards, Maria
Gibb, Sheree https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9708-8816
Kokaua, Jesse https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8740-1277
Palmer, Octavia
Paul, Ryan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1579-3870
Taylor, Barry https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6450-8677
Vu, Hien https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6250-6202
Wheeler, Benjamin J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-5238
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (UOAX1901)
Health Research Council of New Zealand (21/1033)
Cure Kids (3616)
University of Otago
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Article History
Received: 28 March 2023
Accepted: 31 August 2023
First Online: 23 October 2023
Data availability
: The data that support the findings of this study are available from Statistics New Zealand, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under licence for the current study and so are not publicly available. The data and code used in this study are, however, available from the authors on reasonable request and with the permission of Statistics New Zealand (see ). The data can only be accessed by approved bone fide researchers, for projects that are in the public interest and within a secure accredited data laboratory.
: We would like to acknowledge funding from Cure Kids (ref. 3616), the Health Research Council of New Zealand (ref. 21/1033) and A Better Start National Science Challenge, in turn funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (ref. UOAX1901).
: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: NB and BJW conceived the idea for the paper and all authors contributed to the study design. NB acquired the data and undertook all analyses. All authors contributed to interpretation of data. NB, RD, MdB, RP, HV and BJW drafted the manuscript. All authors were involved in manuscript revisions and approval of the final revision. RP and MK-E, of Māori decent, and JK and OP, of Pacific decent, each contributed to study design, interpretation of data and manuscript revisions from indigenous perspectives. BJW is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.
: These results are not official statistics. They have been created for research purposes from the Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI), which is carefully managed by Statistics New Zealand. For more information about the IDI, please visit .
