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Article History

Received: 16 July 2023

Accepted: 10 October 2023

First Online: 29 November 2023

Acknowledgements

: The authors thank D. Willich (Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital) for her ongoing support and excellent technical performance of all MRN examinations. The results of our study were partly presented in the Diabetes Kongress of the German Diabetes Association (17–20 May 2023, Berlin, Germany) and included as an abstract in the corresponding issue of Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel [].

: Data will be provided by the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: The German Research Council (DFG, SFB 1158) provided financial support for personnel expenditure, MR imaging costs and costs for the technical equipment required for electrophysiological and serological analysis. The DFG had no influence on the study design, collection and analysis of data or on the writing of the article. JS received grants from the DFG (SFB 1116; SFB 1118), DZD and the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts of the State of Baden-Württemberg, and travel grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma. SHer received grants from the DFG (TRR 205/2; TRR 333/1; SFB 1231/1; SFB 1118), Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts (DZHK Standortprojekt; DZHK VHB Säule B project; VIP+ project MIRANDA), the Helmholtz Association (Helmholtz International Research School for Diabetes), Edith-Haberland-Wagner (EHW) Foundation and Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (EKFS). PN received grants from the DZD (SFB 1118 and 1158) and from Novo Nordisk. SHei received a grant from the Dietmar Hopp Foundation and the DFG (SFB 1118). MB received grants and personal fees from Codman, Guerbet, Bayer and Novartis, personal fees from Roche, Teva, Springer, Boehringer, Grifols and Braun, and grants from the European Union, Siemens, the Dietmar Hopp Foundation, Stryker and the DFG (SFB 1118 and 1158). FK was supported by the German Research Foundation (KU 3555/1-1) and the Hoffmann-Klose Foundation of Heidelberg University Hospital, and received a research grant from Heidelberg University Hospital. JJ further acknowledges support from the International Foundation for Research in paraplegia (IRP) and the EKFS. ZK received grants from the German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD) and from German Diabetes Association (DDG).

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: CM, DT, LSc, LSe, OE, TA, AH, SHer, JS, PN, SHei, MB, FK, SK, JJ and ZK contributed to the study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, and drafting and critical revision of the article. All authors approved the final version to be published. CM, DT and ZK are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.