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Article History

Received: 17 October 2023

Accepted: 27 November 2023

First Online: 12 January 2024

Acknowledgements

: We thank A. Marigliano and G. Caterino (Laboratorio di Immunogenetica dei Trapianti Azienda Ospedaliera Federico II, Naples, Italy) for HLA typing assistance. We would also like to acknowledge M. Montagna and S. De Simone (Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale ‘G. Salvatore’, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [IEOS-CNR], Naples, Italy), and all members of the IEOS-CNR for their technical support. Figure a was developed using adapted images from Smart Servier Medical Art ().

: Any additional information required to reanalyse the data reported in this paper is available from Mario Galgani upon request.

: This study was supported by grants from the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes/Novo Nordisk Programme for Diabetes Research in Europe 2020, the Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla (grant agreement 2020/R/13), the Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale (grant agreement 202077EYN7) and the ‘Inflammation in human early life: targeting impacts on life-course health’ (INITIALISE) consortium, funded by the Horizon Europe Program of the European Union under grant agreement 101094099 to MG, plus grants to GM from Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla (grant 2018/S/5), Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale (grant 2017 K55HLC 001), Ministero della Salute (grant RF-2019-12371111) and Ministero dell’Università e Ricerca (INF-ACT grant PE00000007 and MYNESYS grant PE00000006). The ABIS study was supported by the Barndiabetesfonden (Swedish Child Diabetes Foundation), the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (grant/award number FAS2004-1775), the Swedish Research Council (grant/award numbers K2005-72X-11242-11A, and K2008-69X-20826-01-4), the Östgöta Brandstodsbolag, the Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden, the JDRF Wallenberg Foundation (grant/award K 98-99D-12813-01A), ALF-Region Östergötland and LFoU-Linköping University, Sweden grants.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: MG designed and supervised the study. SB, EP and LI performed experiments. FDC, AF, EM and JL were responsible for recruitment of the children and the collection of clinical data. SB, EP and MTL contributed to the analysis and interpretation of results. DB performed the statistical analyses. SB, EP, EM, RS, MB, GM, JL and MG were involved in the data discussion and revised the work for its intellectual content. SB, GM and MG performed the final data interpretation and wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. MG is the guarantor of this work, and, as such, has full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.