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Article History

Received: 12 January 2024

Accepted: 20 February 2024

First Online: 19 March 2024

Acknowledgements

: We are grateful to all the participating families in Denmark and Norway for taking part in these ongoing cohort studies.

: The DNBC is supported by the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, the Danish Heart Association, the Danish National Research Foundation, the Danish Pharmaceutical Association, the Danish Ministry of Health, the National Board of Health and the Innovation Fund Denmark (grant 09-067124). The MoBa is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research. PRN was supported by the European Research Council (AdG no. 293574), Stiftelsen Trond Mohn Foundation (Mohn Research Center of Diabetes Precision Medicine), the Research Council of Norway (FRIPRO grant no. 240413), the Western Norway Regional Health Authority (Strategic Fund ‘Personalised Medicine for Children and Adults’) and the Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant no. 54741). The substudy on type 1 diabetes in the DNBC was funded by the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD)/JDRF/Lilly Programme. The substudy on type 1 diabetes in the MoBa was funded by the Research Council of Norway (grant no. 2210909/F20) and the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 874864 HEDIMED.

: Computer codes for the statistical analyses and aggregated data are available from the corresponding author on request. The consent given by participants in the two cohorts does not provide for storage of individual-level data in repositories or journals. Access to individual-level data sets from the MoBa database requires an application, approval from the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics in Norway, and an agreement with MoBa and the endpoint registries, which can be obtained by applying at (for more information, see the MoBa website, , or email Mor.BarnData@fhi.no). Data from the DNBC used in this study are managed by the DNBC Secretariat at Statens Serum Institut in Copenhagen, Denmark, and can be made available to researchers on approval from the DNBC organisation, compliance with the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and approval from the data owner (Statens Serum Institut). Researchers who wish to apply for access to datasets for replication purposes should do so through the DNBC Secretariat (see ). Access to datasets requires approval from the local data protection agency (in a Danish context; ‘Fortegnelsen’) at the researcher’s institution and an agreement with the DNBC at Statens Serum Institut.

: JS serves as an adviser to Medtronic and Novo Nordisk. She owns shares in Novo Nordisk and has received fees for speaking on behalf of Medtronic, Sanofi Aventis, Rubin Medical and Novo Nordisk. All other authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: SFO, LCS and NAL-B conceptualised the study. NAL-B and LCS drafted the protocol and a detailed analysis plan with input from SFO, AAB, MS, TIH, CG, GT, KS and ALB. SFO, TIH and CG were responsible for the dietary database for the DNBC, and ALB was responsible for the dietary database for the MoBa. JS (DNBC) and TS, PRN and GJ (MoBa) were responsible for type 1 diabetes case validation and the diabetes registries. TIH and AAB carried out the statistical analyses of DNBC data, and NAL-B and LCS carried out the statistical analyses of the MoBa data and the meta-analyses. KS and GT contributed to data linkage and preparation, including data cleaning and categorisation of MoBa data. NAL-B and LCS drafted the manuscript with input from all authors. SFO and LCS had primary responsibility for the final content. All authors read and approved the final version for publication. LCS and SFO are guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.