Güdemann, Laura M. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6933-3653
Young, Katie G. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1014-9058
Thomas, Nicholas J. M. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2513-7022
Hopkins, Rhian http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6054-3582
Challen, Robert
Jones, Angus G. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-7599
Hattersley, Andrew T. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5620-473X
Pearson, Ewan R. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9237-8585
Shields, Beverley M. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3785-327X
Bowden, Jack http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2628-3304
Dennis, John M. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7171-732X
McGovern, Andrew P. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6833-9399
,
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Research Council (MR/N00633X/1)
EFSD/Novo Nordisk
Article History
Received: 15 January 2024
Accepted: 11 March 2024
First Online: 5 June 2024
Acknowledgements
: This article is based on data from CPRD obtained under licence from the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. CPRD data are provided by individuals and collected by the NHS as part of their care and support. Approval for the study was granted by the CPRD Independent Scientific Advisory Committee (ISCA 22_002000). This study was supported by the NIHR Exeter Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The authors acknowledge contributions from the wider MASTERMIND consortium who supported this work (see ESM for a list of members).
: CPRD data are available by application to the CPRD Independent Scientific Advisory Committee. R code to preproduce the analysis in this paper is available at .
: This research was funded by the Medical Research Council (UK) (MR/N00633X/1), and supported by EFSD/Novo Nordisk. LMG, JMD, KGY and RH are supported by Research England’s Expanding Excellence in England (E3) fund. JMD is supported by a Wellcome Trust Early Career award (227070/Z/23/Z). ATH and BMS are supported by the NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility; the views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. AGJ was supported by an NIHR Clinician Scientist fellowship (CS-2015-15-018).
: JB is a part-time employee of Novo Nordisk. This project is unrelated to his work for the company. AGJ declares research funding to his university from the UK Medical Research Council, Diabetes, JDRF and the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes. Representatives from GSK, Takeda, Janssen, Quintiles, AstraZeneca and Sanofi attend meetings as part of the industry group involved with the MASTERMIND consortium. ERP has received honoraria for speaking from Lilly, Novo Nordisk and Illumina. No industry representatives were involved in the writing of the manuscript or analysis of data. For all authors these are outside the submitted work; there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: LMG, APM, JMD, BMS and JB designed the study. APM, NJMT, AGJ, ERP and ATH provided valuable clinical insight and helped to interpret the results. KGY, RH, RC, ERP and APM developed code lists for the identification of relevant outcomes and comorbidities for the construction of the type 2 diabetes cohort. KGY, RH, JMD and BMS constructed the type 2 diabetes cohort of the CPRD data. From this cohort, LMG identified individuals with relevant treatment regimens and characteristics for this study. LMG, JMD, BMS and JB developed the analysis strategy. LMG analysed the data under supervision of JMD, and BMS, and with support of JB to interpret the results. LMG drafted the original version of the paper which all authors helped to edit. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. APM and JMD are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.