Fuhri Snethlage, Coco M. http://orcid.org/0009-0009-4166-5045
Balvers, Manon http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4094-5087
Ferwerda, Bart http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7050-5931
Rampanelli, Elena http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7742-0092
de Groen, Pleun http://orcid.org/0009-0008-4604-2755
Roep, Bart O. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1616-8337
Herrema, Hilde http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0112-6348
McDonald, Timothy J. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3559-6660
van Raalte, Daniël H. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2894-6124
Weedon, Michael N. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6174-6135
Oram, Richard A. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3581-8980
Nieuwdorp, Max http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1926-7659
Hanssen, Nordin M. J. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9541-7244
Funding for this research was provided by:
Jan Dekker Stichting (2021T055)
ZonMw (09150172210019, 09150182010020)
Stichting Diabetes Onderzoek Nederland (2020.10.002)
Article History
Received: 12 January 2024
Accepted: 29 April 2024
First Online: 26 June 2024
Acknowledgements
: We thank all participants in the study and the lab of Professor B. Verchere (BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada) for helping with the glucagon ELISA. We used DeepL.com language software to check for grammar and spelling. The graphical abstract was designed using Biorender.com
: The datasets produced and examined in the present study are not accessible to the public. However, they may be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
: This research was supported by a DNF DON grant 2020 (number 2020.10.002) on which CMFS and NMJH are appointed. MB is appointed on a grant from the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes. NMJH is supported by a Senior Clinical Dekker grant from the Dutch Heart Foundation (grant number 2021T055) and a ZONMW-VIDI grant (09150172210019). MN is supported by a personal ZONMW-VICI grant 2020 (09150182010020).
: MN is on the Scientific Advisory Board of Caelus Pharmaceuticals and Advanced Microbiome Interventions, the Netherlands. DHvR has acted as a consultant for and received honoraria from the Boehringer Ingelheim–Eli Lilly Alliance, Merck, Sanofi and AstraZeneca, and has received research operating funds from the Boehringer Ingelheim–Eli Lilly Diabetes Alliance, AstraZeneca and Merck. All honoraria are paid to his employer. NMJH has received an honorarium from Boehringer Ingelheim and Novo Nordisk. However, none of these are relevant for the current manuscript. RDO received a UK Medical research council grant to work with Randox to make a 10 SNP T1D GRS biochip. Randox subsequently supported RDO with research funding for work on autoimmune disease genetic risk scores. Randox have a licencing and royalty agreement with the university of Exeter for the 10 SNP T1D GRS. The remaining authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: CMFS, NMJH, MB and MN analysed and collected the data, and wrote and edited the paper. ER, BOR, DHvR and TJM gave expert opinions, helped review the article and helped design the study and analyse the samples. RDO, MNW and TJM consulted on the UCPCR measurements and generation of the GRS and helped draft and review this part of the article. HH, PdG and BF helped draft the article and helped with data analysis and processing. NMJH is the guarantor of this study. All authors approved the final version.