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Article History

Received: 18 April 2024

Accepted: 3 July 2024

First Online: 23 August 2024

Data availability

: Restrictions apply to the availability of crude data used for this study. Aggregated data are available upon reasonable request via email to the corresponding author.

: This study was promoted by the Italian Diabetes Society and partly supported by Astra Zeneca. The external funding source had no role in study design and conduction, data collection, analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing and decision to publish.

: GPF received fees for lectures, consultancy or advisory board from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Mundipharma, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Servier and Takeda. MLM received lecture or consultancy fees from Amarin, AstraZeneca, Lilly, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Mylan, Novartis and Novo Nordisk. EB declares the following: consulting for Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Becton Dickinson, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bruno Farmaceutici, Daiichi-Sankyo, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Mundipharma, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Servier and Takeda; research grant from AstraZeneca, Genzyme, Menarini Diagnostics, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diagnostics and Takeda; and financial shares from AstraZeneca, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. AC received research grants and/or lecture and/or advisory board and/or consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi, Novo Nordisk, Lilly, Abbot and Bayer. MR received speaker fees from Lilly. FT received consultancy fees from Roche Diagnostic Care. SDP declares the following interests: consulting for Abbott, Altimmune, Amarin Corporation, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Biomea Fusion, Lilly, Menarini International, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi and Sun Pharmaceuticals, and received funding for these consulting services; received grant support from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim; and received speaker fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Laboratori Guidotti, Menarini International, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. AA received research grants, lecture or advisory board fees from Merck Sharp & Dome, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi, Mediolanum, Janssen, Novo Nordisk, Lilly, Servier and Takeda. AS served on the advisory board of Novo Nordisk, Sankyo and Sanofi and received speaker fees from Bayer, Lilly, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: GPF conceptualised the study, interpreted the analyses, visualised the results, searched the literature and wrote the manuscript. EL conceptualised the study, performed and interpreted the analyses, visualised the results, developed the methodological pipeline, searched the literature and contributed to writing the manuscript. MLM made substantial contributions to the acquisition and elaboration of research data. AA, SDP and AS conceptualised the study, coordinated and supervised data collection, acquired funding for the analysis and critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content. EB, AC, BF, MR and FT collected and researched data, contributed to data interpretation discussion and revised the manuscript. All authors contributed intellectually to this study and critically revised the scientific content of the manuscript. All authors had access to all the data of the study, approved the final manuscript as submitted, agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work, and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. GPF and EL are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study, verified the data and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.