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Article History

Received: 18 March 2024

Accepted: 29 July 2024

First Online: 30 September 2024

Data availability

: The data sets generated in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. No applicable resources were generated during the study.

: This work was supported by Colorado Nutrition Obesity Research Center pilot grant 25N0350 to KAZB, and partially supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant R01DK089170 to BCB and the Colorado Nutrition Obesity Research Center grant P30DK048520.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: KAZB designed and performed the in vitro experiments and LC-MS/MS analyses, analysed and interpreted data, and wrote the manuscript. AG performed inflammation and fractionation immunoblot analyses and cell fractionation, and edited the manuscript. PJ performed insulin signalling immunoblot analyses, interpreted data, and edited the manuscript. LP helped to design the studies, provided medical oversight, performed all biopsies, and edited the manuscript. SZ analysed and interpreted data, and edited the manuscript. BCB designed the studies, interpreted data, and helped write the manuscript. All authors approved the final version to be published. KAZB and BCB are the guarantors of this work, and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.