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Article History

Received: 19 June 2024

Accepted: 4 September 2024

First Online: 7 November 2024

Acknowledgements

: The skilful technical assistance of E. Arlt and A. Helms (Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke [DIfE], Nuthetal, Germany) is gratefully acknowledged. In addition, the assistance of A. Teichmann and C. Gumz (DIfE) for islet picking is gratefully acknowledged. Servier Medical Art was used to create the graphical abstract, which is licensed under CC BY 4.0 (). Some of the data were presented as a poster at the DDG conference in 2024 with the title ‘The role of non-beta cell heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes’. In addition, the research is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation; 491394008).

: scRNA-seq data from the previous study are available in gene expression omnibus under gene accession number GSE159211 ().

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. The study was supported by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF: DZD grant 82DZD03D03) and the Brandenburg State; as well as the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) project numbers 407395267, 525802829 and 491394008.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: PG performed data analysis, designed figures and wrote the manuscript, TS performed data analysis, did experiments and wrote the manuscript. MS and JS did experiments. PC and NN performed data analysis and critically edited and revised the manuscript. HL performed study conception and critically edited and revised the manuscript, AS performed study conception and design, and critically edited and revised the manuscript. All authors subsequently edited the manuscript, and approved its final version for publication. AS is the guarantor of this work.