Document is current

Article History

Received: 25 June 2024

Accepted: 9 September 2024

First Online: 12 November 2024

Acknowledgements

: The authors thank all the participants and investigators of the HKDR and HKDB for their contributions, and the medical and nursing staff of the respective hospitals for their professional input and support. The full lists of team members of the Hong Kong Diabetes Biobank Study Group and the TRANSCEND Consortium are included in the  additional information section.

: The list of SNPs used to calculate hard- and soft-clustering psPRSs can be found in ESM Tables  and . HKDR and HKDB data are not publicly available but may be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.

: This work was supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (CU R4012-18), Research Grants Council Theme-based Research Scheme (T12-402/13N), the University Grants Matching Scheme, a CUHK Direct Grant and the Focused Innovation Scheme. RCWM acknowledges support from a Croucher Foundation Senior Medical Research Fellowship, the Research Committee Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme, the CUHK Internationalisation Faculty Mobility Scheme and the Provost’s Scheme for PhD scholarship of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. JCNC acknowledges support from the Hong Kong Government Health and Medical Research Fund (CFS-CUHK2), Hong Kong Genome Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong Research Committee Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme and Innovation and Technology Commission Research Talent Hub. RAO has a research grant from Randox Ltd on autoimmune disease genetic risk score diagnostics and the University of Exeter licenses know-how to Randox and receives royalties for a type 1 diabetes GRS biochip.

: JCNC received consultancy fees from Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celltrion, MSD, Pfizer, Servier and Viatris Pharmaceutical; speaker fees from Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, MSD, Merck, Sanofi and Servier; and research grants through her institutions from Applied Therapeutics, Astra Zeneca, Hua Medicine, Lee Powder, Lilly, Merck and Servier. APSK received research grants from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli-Lilly, Kyowa Kirin and Merck Serono and honoraria for consultancy or giving lectures from Nestle, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Sanofi. EYKNC received speaker fees from Sanofi and Novartis and institutional research funding from Sanofi, Medtronic Diabetes and Powder Pharmaceuticals Inc. RCWM has received research funding from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diagnostics and Tricida Inc. for carrying out clinical trials or studies; and from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Diachii Sankyo, Kyowa Kirin and Merck for speaker honoraria or consultancy in advisory boards. All proceeds have been donated to the Chinese University of Hong Kong to support diabetes research. JCNC, CKPL, RCWM and W-yS are co-founders of GemVCare, a biotech start-up supported by the Technology Start-up Support Scheme for Universities of the Hong Kong Government Innovation and Technology Commission. RCWM is an advisory board member of the editorial board of Diabetologia. RAO has performed consulting for Janssen, Provention Bio and Sanofi.The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: GY, CHTT, CKPL, MNW, RAO and RCWM conceptualised and designed the study. CHTT, CKPL, ESHL, RO, H-mL, ACWN, YH, BF, CH, HW, AY, HMC, KFL, SCS, GH, CCT, KPL, JYYL, EYNC, MWT, GK, ITL, JKYL, VTFY, EL, SL, SF, YLC, CCS, EC, APSK, WHT, AOYL, W-yS, JCNC and RCWM contributed to data acquisition. GY, CHTT, ESHL conducted statistical analysis. GY, CHTT, CKPL, MS, ESHL, BF, WHT, MNW, RAO, JCNC and RCWM were involved in data interpretation. GY, RAO and RCWM drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the editing, review and critical revision of the manuscript. WHT, W-yS, JCNC, RAO and RCWM contributed to funding acquisition for the study. All authors read and approved the final version to be published. RCWM is the guarantor of this work.