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Article History

Received: 18 July 2024

Accepted: 8 October 2024

First Online: 29 November 2024

Acknowledgements

: We are deeply grateful to all participants for their consent and willingness to participate in this study. We gratefully acknowledge S. Amiel (Department of Diabetes, King’s College of London, London, UK) for her constructive comments and insightful discussion on the research questions and study design. Preliminary data were presented as an abstract at the 60th Annual Meeting of the EASD in 2024.

: The data that support the study findings are available from the corresponding author on request.

: This research was funded by the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD Rising Star Fellowship supported by EFSD/Novo Nordisk to DT) and by the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN Research Fellowship to DT).

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: DT designed the study protocol, conducted experiments, acquired and analysed data and wrote the manuscript. LS, ER, NC, MC and LN conducted experiments and acquired data. GN revised and analysed the self-reported food diaries. DM and GD recruited participants and provided substantial contributions to the interpretation of data. SB, SF and MTS conducted experiments and analysed blood samples. AM performed glucose tracer and beta cell function modelling. MN and AN revised the study protocol, recruited participants, supervised the study and share last authorship. All authors commented on and approved the final version of the manuscript. DT and AN are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

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