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Article History

Received: 2 August 2024

Accepted: 16 September 2024

First Online: 7 November 2024

Acknowledgements

: The authors thank A. Acton and G. Monaco at Indiana University for technical assistance with PD-L1 and C-peptide ELISA, and N. Conoan of the Electron Microscopy Core Facility (EMCF) at the University of Nebraska Medical Center for TEM. The EMCF is supported by state funds from the Nebraska Research Initiative (NRI) and the University of Nebraska Foundation, and institutionally by the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research. The authors thank the members of the Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center Flow Cytometry Core, which is funded in part by NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI) grant P30 CA082709. This study used core services provided by the Indiana Diabetes Research Center grant P30 DK097512 (to Indiana University School of Medicine).

: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: This study was supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) grants R01DK121929, R01DK133881 and a Ralph W. and Grace M. Showalter trust to EKS, NIDDK R01DK060581 to RGM, Breakthrough T1D (formerly JDRF) postdoctoral fellowship (3-PDF-2024–1496-A-N) and Diabetes Research Connection awards to CR and the Indiana Diabetes Research Center (P30DK097512). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.

: EKS has received compensation for educational lectures from the ADA and Medscape, chairing the Medscape T1D Steering Committee, and has consulting relationships with DRI Healthcare and Sanofi. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: CR and DTC acquired, analysed and interpreted the data, and drafted the manuscript. SR, AGD and JX acquired the data and reviewed the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. CEM, JDP, DLE and RGM made substantial contributions to the design of the work and reviewed the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. CR and EKS made substantial contributions to the conception of the work, interpreted data and drafted the manuscript. All the authors approve the version of the manuscript to be published. EKS is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and accuracy of the data results.

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