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Article History

Received: 5 June 2024

Accepted: 16 September 2024

First Online: 23 November 2024

Acknowledgements

: We thank all the involved research and clinical staff in the Hospital Authority and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, for their professionalism and dedication. Special thanks are extended to all patients, their relatives and volunteers for participating in these studies. We are grateful to the support of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority. Some data in this manuscript were presented in the American Diabetes Association 84th Scientific Sessions in the form of a published abstract and a poster in 2024.

: Due to local law and regulation, no data can be shared with external parties. Summary statistics may be shared upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.

: The study is funded by the Hong Kong Genome Institute, Hong Kong Government Health and Medical Research Fund Commissioned Research (CFS-CUHK2) and Research Grants Council Impact Research Fund.

: JCNC has received research grants (through institutions) and/or honoraria for consultancy and/or giving lectures from Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Hua Medicine, Powder Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, MSD, Pfizer, Sanofi, Viatris and Zuellig Pharma. AOYL has served as an advisory committee member for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi and Amgen, and has received research grants and travel grants from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, MSD, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi and Amgen. RCWM has received research grants for clinical trials from AstraZeneca, Bayer, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Roche and Tricida and honoraria for consultancy or lectures from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. APSK has received research grants and/or speaker honoraria from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Merck Serono, Nestle, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. JCNC, WYS and RCWM hold patents for using biogenetic markers to predict risk of diabetes and its complications. JCNC, CKPL, RCWM and WYS are co-founders of GemVCare, a biotech start-up supported by the Technology Start-up Support Scheme for Universities of the Hong Kong Government Innovation and Technology Commission. RCWM is an advisory board member of the editorial board of Diabetologia. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: JCNC and AOYL conceptualised the research question. CKO and BF performed the data analysis. CKO, BF, JCNC, AOYL, STFT, CHTT, RW, ESHL, MS, CKPL, GY, JPYH, EYKC, APSK, RO, WYS and RCWM contributed to the interpretation of the data. CKO wrote the first draft. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version. JCNC is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.