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Article History

Received: 14 March 2024

Accepted: 11 November 2024

First Online: 13 December 2024

Acknowledgements

: We are grateful to the TrialNet participants and their families. We thank Amanda L. Posgai, PhD (University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA) for her assistance in editing the manuscript.

: The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Coordinating Center on reasonable request.

: The Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group is a clinical trials network that is currently funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (through the cooperative agreements U01 DK061010, U01 DK061034, U01 DK061042, U01 DK061058, U01 DK085461, U01 DK085465, U01 DK085466, U01 DK085476, U01 DK085499, U01 DK085509, U01 DK103180, U01 DK103153, U01 DK103266, U01 DK103282, U01 DK106984, U01 DK106994, U01 DK107013, U01 DK107014, UC4 DK106993 and UC4 DK117009) and by the JDRF. The contents of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or the JDRF. MJR is supported by NIH/NIDDK grants R01 DK124395 and R01 DK121843.

: MJR is a member of the Editorial Board of Diabetologia. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: MJR contributed to the study design, as well as data analysis and interpretation, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. DC conducted data analysis and edited the manuscript. HMP contributed to data acquisition and analysis. AKS, KCH, RO, MA, TMB, HMP, JPK, SO-G and SSR contributed to data interpretation. JMS contributed to study design, data analysis, and interpretation and writing. All authors revised and edited the manuscript, and approved the final version to be published. MJR, DC, AKS, KCH, MA, TMB, HMP and JPK were members of the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group at the time of the study. MJR and JMS are the guarantors of this article and take full responsibility for the work as a whole, including the study design, access to data, and the decision to submit and publish the manuscript.