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Article History

Received: 26 July 2024

Accepted: 2 December 2024

First Online: 14 January 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors thank the participants and staff of the NHS, NHSII and HPFS for their valuable contributions.

: The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.

: The NHS and HPFS studies and the current analysis are supported by National Institutes of Health grants UM1 CA186107, CA167552, DK120870, DK082486, DK126698, DK119268, DK129670, HL035464, HL060712, HL088521, DK058845, U01 CA176726, CA167552, ES022981, ES036206 and HL034594. The funding sources did not play a role in the design or conduct of the study; collection, management, analyses or interpretation of the data; or preparation, review or approval of the manuscript. Some of the data were presented as an abstract at the American Heart Association’s Epidemiology and Prevention/Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health meeting in 2019.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: QS, FQ and ZC conceived the study. QS and FBH were involved in data collection. FQ and ZC analysed the data. QS and YL provided statistical expertise. FQ and ZC wrote the first draft of the paper. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final version of the manuscript. The results of the study are presented clearly, honestly and without fabrication, falsification or inappropriate data manipulation. The authors assume full responsibility for analyses and interpretation of these data. QS and ZC are the guarantors. The corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted.

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