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Article History

Received: 25 June 2024

Accepted: 21 November 2024

First Online: 17 March 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors wish to thank all families associated with organ donation for research purposes for their gift that made efforts like those in this programme possible. In addition, appreciation is given to the organ procurement organisations who make the nPOD programme possible. Part of the data has been included in the PhD thesis (2019) of J.E. Laiho (ISBN:978-952-03-1031-8).The authors would like to thank J. Ilomäki, T. Kuusela and M. Ovaskainen (Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland) for technical assistance. The authors thank all the members of the nPOD-Virus group. A list is included as electronic supplementary material ().

: Data generated and analysed during this study are available through the corresponding author upon request.

: This study was supported by Breakthrough T1D (formerly known as JDRF) grants for the nPOD-Virus Group, JDRF 25-2012-516 and JDRF 25-2012-770, as well as the European Commission (Persistent Virus Infection in Diabetes Network [PEVNET], Frame Programme 7, contract no. 261441). JEL and MO were supported by grants from Sakari and Päivikki Sohlberg’s Foundation, Finland and Yrjö Jahnsson’s Foundation, Finland. JEL was also supported by the grants from The Diabetes Research Foundation in Finland and Finnish Cultural foundation. HH has additionally received funding from the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (grant no. 97013) and the Academy of Finland (grant no. 288671), which contributed to this work. REL also was funded by NIH grant R01-AI50237. The support of the Global Virus Network (GVN; University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA) is gratefully acknowledged. This research was performed with support from the Network for Pancreatic Organ donors with Diabetes (nPOD; RRID:SCR_014641), a collaborative type 1 diabetes research project supported by Breakthrough T1D (formerly known as JDRF) (nPOD: 5-SRA-2018-557-Q-R) and The Leona M. & Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (grant no. 2018PG-T1D053, G-2108-04793). The content and views expressed are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official view of nPOD. Organ Procurement Organizations (OPO) partnering with nPOD to provide research resources are listed at .

: HH is a board member and stock owner of Vactech Oy, a Finnish biotech company that has contributed to the development of a coxsackie B virus vaccine. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: AP, SO, JEL, HH, VP, JFP and AT were responsible for the overall design of the study. SO was responsible for the virus PCR and sequencing analyses at Tampere laboratory, and AR and REL were responsible for the virus PCR and sequencing analyses at BCM. SM, DD, ICG, JB and VP contributed to the RNA-Seq analyses at UCL. MCR and JFP were responsible for the WGS sequencing at BCM. AT was responsible for the virus propagation studies at the Varese laboratory. MO and JEL performed the overall data analyses. JEL, SO, SM and MO were the primary contributors in the preparation of the manuscript. All authors contributed to data interpretation and discussion, reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version. JEL is the guarantor of this work and, as such, has full access to the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.