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Article History

Received: 4 September 2024

Accepted: 12 December 2024

First Online: 26 February 2025

Acknowledgements

: We are grateful to all study participants, sample and organ donors, and their families for their dedication and commitment to understanding the immunopathology of type 1 diabetes. We are also humbled by their faith in our commitment to unravel the disease pathogenesis and its contributing factors. We are additionally grateful to the funders’ commitment to supporting multidisciplinary endeavours, such as this, to grow our research and discovery potential.

: Data and code are available on request and can be obtained from the corresponding author.

: This research was performed with the generous support of Diabetes UK, including via an RD Lawrence Fellowship, awarded to PL (grant no. 22/0006378) and the support of EPSRC via grant EP/T017856/1 (gratefully received by NVvR, PA and KCAW). In addition, this study was supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Exeter Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The authors also gratefully acknowledge that this research would not have been possible without the enormous generosity of the organ and tissue donors, and their families, in collaboration with the Network for Pancreatic Organ donors with Diabetes (nPOD; RRID:SCR_014641), a collaborative type 1 diabetes research project supported by Breakthrough T1D (formerly known as JDRF [nPOD: 5-SRA-2018-557-Q-R]) and The Leona M. & Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (grant no. 2018PG-T1D053, G-2108-04793), and the DiViD project, which was funded by the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (grant to KD-J) and the Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant to KD-J) and through the PEVNET Study Group funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement (FP7/2007-2013). The content and views expressed are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official view of nPOD. Organ Procurement Organizations (OPO) partnering with nPOD to provide research resources are listed at . The DiViD project was funded by the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (grant to KD-J), the Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant to KD-J) and through the PEVNET Study Group funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: NVvR, PA, NGM, KCAW and PL conceived and contributed to the design of the work, the analysis and interpretation of the data, and the drafting and reviewing of the article. CM designed and performed all wet lab histology staining, whole-slide scanning and image processing. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results, and critically reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. KCAW and PL are joint guarantors of this work as a whole.