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Article History

Received: 28 June 2024

Accepted: 10 December 2024

First Online: 10 March 2025

Acknowledgements

: This research was conducted with the UK Biobank Resource under application no. 32683, Danish cohorts (Inter99 and DD2), and a recall-by-genotype study of participants recruited from Inter99. We gratefully acknowledge all participants who made the current study possible. We express our gratitude to the Data Analytics Platform at Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research for assistance with data processing and handling. AV is coordinator of the strategic research alliance EXODIAB funded by the Swedish Research Council (EXODIAB, 2009-1039; 2018-02837). We additionally thank A. Forman, T. Hvidtfeldt Lorentzen and L. Engelbrechtsen from Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen for their excellent expertise and help with the physical examinations in the recall-by-genotype study, and A. Bjerregaard and L. Albæk from Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen for help with biochemistry measurements. We acknowledge use of the GPCRdb database ().

: Data (Inter99 cohort and recall-by-genotype study) are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author Niels Grarup (niels.grarup@sund.ku.dk) or Torben Hansen (torben.hansen@sund.ku.dk). Requests for DD2 data should be addressed to Kurt Højlund (kurt.hoejlund@rsyd.dk) and Jens S. Nielsen (jsn@rsyd.dk) through the application form at . Access to UK Biobank data can be requested through the UK Biobank website ().

: Open access funding provided by Copenhagen University. KVS, JMJ, LÄ, JB-J, JJH, OP, TH and NG were funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, an independent Research Center at the University of Copenhagen partially funded by an unrestricted donation (NNF18CC0034900 and NNF23SA0084103) from the Novo Nordisk Foundation.

: KVS is currently employed at Zealand Pharma A/S. JMJ and NG are currently employed at Novo Nordisk A/S. TH owns stocks in Novo Nordisk. JJH is currently consulting for Fractyl health, Novo Nordisk A/S, AstraZeneca AB and Septerna. The Department of Clinical Epidemiology is involved in studies with funding for various companies as research grants to (and administered) Aarhus University. None of these studies has any relation to the present study. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: KVS, JMJ, LÄ, JB-J, TH and NG contributed to the conception and/or design of the study, including the methodology. KVS, BH, NRJ, JR, HTS, AV, JSN, JJH, OP and AL contributed to data acquisition or curation. KVS performed all analyses and visualised the results. KVS and NG wrote the original draft of the manuscript. All authors revised the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final manuscript. NG provided supervision throughout project execution. KVS and NG are responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.