Document is current

Article History

Received: 22 July 2024

Accepted: 10 January 2025

First Online: 28 February 2025

Data availability

: Data are publicly available upon request at .

: The Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group is a clinical trials network currently funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, through the cooperative agreements U01 DK061010, U01 DK061034, U01 DK061042, U01 DK061058, U01 DK085461, U01 DK085465, U01 DK085466, U01 DK085476, U01 DK085499, U01 DK085509, U01 DK103180, U01 DK103153, U01 DK103266, U01 DK103282, U01 DK106984, U01 DK106994, U01 DK107013, U01 DK107014, U01 DK106993, UC4 DK117009 and Breakthrough T1D (formerly known as JDRF). EKS receives support from NIH grants R01DK121929, R01DK133881 and U01DK127382–012. MJR and RAO have received support from NIH R01 DK121843-01. EKS is also supported by the Showalter Scholar Program, as well as the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (grant 2021258) through the COVID-19 Fund to Retain Clinical Scientists collaborative grant programme and supported by the John Templeton Foundation (grant 62288). RAO is supported by a Diabetes UK Harry Keen Fellowship (16/0005529) and RAO and LF by a Breakthrough T1D (formerly known as JDRF) strategic research agreement (3-SRA-2019-827-S-B). HMI is supported by the National Institute of Diabetes And Digestive And Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under award no. K23DK129799. RAO previously had UK Medical Research Council funding to develop a type 1 diabetes GRS biochip with Randox and reports research funding from Randox.

: EKS has received compensation for educational lectures on diabetes screening from MedLearning Group, Medscape, Health Matters CME and Sanofi and consulting for DRI Healthcare and Sanofi. RAO reports consulting for Janssen, Provention Bio and Sanofi and receives research funding from Randox. MR is a member of the editorial board of Diabetologia. BN has received compensation for educational lectures on diabetes screening from MedLearning Group. CEM serves on advisory boards for Isla Technologies, Avotres, DiogenyX, Neurodon. LAD reports research funding to the institution from Sanofi and from Lilly/Zealand/Mankind, acting as a consultant for Vertex and Tandem, receiving lecture fees from Sanofi, serving as a DSMB member for Lilly/Merck, and having shares in Lilly stock. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: EKS and JMS conceived the project, analysed data and wrote and edited the manuscript. DC, LF and RO designed and performed analyses and edited the manuscript. EB, CEM, LJ, BN, HI, LAD and MR interpreted results and edited and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. EKS is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.