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Article History

Received: 25 June 2024

Accepted: 19 November 2024

First Online: 17 March 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors wish to thank all families associated with organ donation for research purposes for their gift that made efforts like those in this programme possible. In addition, appreciation is given to the Organ Procurement Organisations (OPO) who make the nPOD programme possible. The authors would like to thank E. Eskola and E. Tolvanen (Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland), N. Amirian (La Jolla Institute) and D. Balcacean (Helmholtz Munich) for technical assistance. The authors thank all the members of the nPOD-Virus group. A list is included as electronic supplementary material ().

: Data generated and analysed during this study are available through the corresponding author upon request.

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This research was performed with the support of the Network for Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes (nPOD; RRID:SCR_014641), a collaborative type 1 diabetes research project supported by grants from Breakthrough T1D (formerly known as JDRF), The Leona M. & Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (3-SRA-2023-1417-S-B) and the Helmsley Charitable Trust (2018PG-T1D053, G-2108-04793). The content and views expressed are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official view of nPOD. OPO partnering with nPOD to provide research resources are listed at .The nPOD-Virus group was supported by Breakthrough T1D grants (3-SRA-25-2012-516 and 3-SRA-2017-492-A-N) awarded to AP, with sub-awards to members, and the European Commission (Persistent Virus Infection in Diabetes Network [PEVNET], Frame Programme 7, Contract No. 261441). SJR is grateful to Breakthrough T1D for a Career Development Award (5-CDA-2014-221-A-N), to MRC for Project Grant MR/P010695/1 (joint with NGM) and is supported by a Steve Morgan Foundation DUK/JDRF Grant Challenge Senior Research Fellowship (22/0006504). TRC is grateful to Breakthrough T1D for a Career Development Award (5-CDA-2020-949-A-N). JSK is also supported by a grant from the NIDDK-sponsored Human Islet Research Network (HIRN, RRID:SCR_014393; ; UC24 DK104162). JEL was supported by grants from Sakari and Päivikki Sohlberg’s Foundation, Yrjö Jahnsson’s Foundation, The Diabetes Research Foundation in Finland and Finnish Cultural foundation. Studies from University of Exeter were supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Exeter Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The studies from Tampere University (HH) were also supported by the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (grant no. 97013), Sigrid Juselius Foundation and Academy of Finland (grant no. 288671) and the Diabetes Research Foundation in Finland.

: HH is a board member and stock owner of Vactech Oy, a Finnish biotech company that has contributed to the development of a coxsackie B virus vaccine. MvH is employed by Novo Nordisk A/S. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: TRC, JEL, JSK, MAA, MvH, HH, NGM, AP and SJR contributed to the original idea. TRC, JEL, MO, PAk, CF, TW, PAp, JSK, IK, ST, MCT, MAA, MvH, HH, NGM, AP and SJR contributed to the design, performance and interpretation of the experiments and formal analysis. TRC, JEL, JSK, AP and SJR wrote the manuscript and it was edited by TRC, JEL, JSK, IK, MAA, HH, NGM, AP and SJR. All authors have read and reviewed the manuscript critically for important intellectual content, and have approved the final version. SJR, TRC, JEL, JSK and AP are the guarantors of this work and, as such, have full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.