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Article History

Received: 4 October 2024

Accepted: 20 January 2025

First Online: 12 March 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors would like to thank J. Zhou, X. Huang and X. Li from Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, as well as K. K. Cheng from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and T. Wu from West China Hospital, Sichuan University, for their valuable advice and assistance. They also thank J. Gong from Servicebio Biotechnology Co., Ltd. for supplying the necessary reagents.

: All data are available in the main text, ESM figure analysis data or the .

: This study was supported by excellent clinical grants from the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (20224Z0004) and the National Nature Science Foundation of China (82170808, 82370825).

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: XL designed the research studies and interpreted the results. NZ, QS and JZ performed the experiments and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. JM and XZ contributed to the preparation and analysis of human pancreas samples. RZ and SL performed computational analysis and contributed to data interpretation. All authors made substantial contributions to editing and revising the manuscript and approved the final version to be published. XL is the guarantor of this work.

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