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Article History

Received: 27 November 2024

Accepted: 10 January 2025

First Online: 28 February 2025

Acknowledgements

: We are grateful to staff at the University of Cambridge Department of Paediatrics laboratory, particularly A. Qureshi, for their contributions to the management of the samples. M. Hakkarainen and S. Heinonen at Turku Bioscience are thanked for their excellent technical assistance. We thank the personnel of the Turku Proteomics Facility at Turku Bioscience, which is supported by the University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University and Biocenter Finland.

: Access to these person-sensitive data is only through secure environment by application to the INNODIA Data Access Committee (see ).

: Open Access funding provided by University of Turku (including Turku University Central Hospital). This project has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (IMI2-JU) under grant agreement no. 115797 (INNODIA) and no. 945268 (INNODIA HARVEST). This IMI2-JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, EFPIA, Breakthrough T1D (formerly known as JDRF) and The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust. The views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the IMI2-JU, and the IMI2-JU cannot be held responsible for them. RL received funding from the Academy of Finland (grants 31444, 329277, 331793) and Business Finland and grants from the JDRF, Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, Finnish Diabetes Foundation and Finnish Cancer Foundation. LLE reports grants from the European Research Council ERC (677943), Academy of Finland (310561, 329278, 335434, 335611 and 341342) and Sigrid Jusélius Foundation during the conduct of the study. MK has also received grants supported by the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Helsinki University Hospital Research Funds and Liv and Hälsa Fund. Research at the Turku Bioscience Centre (LLE and RL) was supported by the University of Turku Graduate School (UTUGS), Biocenter Finland, ELIXIR Finland and the InFLAMES Flagship Programme of the Academy of Finland (decision no. 337530). TV is supported by the Doctoral Programme in Mathematics and Computer Sciences (MATTI) of the University of Turku. MKH was supported by the Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine (TuDMM), Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation and Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: RM prepared the samples, conducted the analyses, prepared the tables and figures, evaluated and interpreted the data and co-wrote the manuscript. MKH automated and performed the sample preparation, evaluated and interpreted the data, prepared the figures and co-wrote the manuscript. TV analysed the data, prepared the figures and co-wrote the manuscript. TS supervised the analysis of the data. CM, LO, MP and SB initiated, designed and supervised the study. MK, LLE and RL designed and supervised the study. All authors edited, reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. RL is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis