Document is current

Article History

Received: 2 July 2024

Accepted: 24 January 2025

First Online: 1 March 2025

Acknowledgements

: We thank all AWI-Gen participants for their consent to participate in the study and all the field workers, laboratory scientists, data managers and other support staff who contributed to sample collection and data generation. The complete list of AWI-Gen Consortium contributing members is provided in ESM Table . We acknowledge Jean-Tristan Brandenburg for developing and help in troubleshooting the H3A-GWAS pipeline used for quality control analysis and fine mapping, and Scott Hazelhurst for help with the use of the computing infrastructure. This study used the high-performance computing facilities at the University of Witwatersrand. Data on glycaemic traits used for replication have been contributed by MAGIC investigators and have been downloaded from . We acknowledge other researchers who have publicly provided their data, which is cited accordingly in the manuscript used for replications in this study.

: The dataset used in this study is available in the European Genome–Phenome Archive (EGA) database () under study accession code EGAS00001002482. The phenotype dataset accession code is EGAD00001006425 and the genotype dataset accession code is EGAD00010001996. The availability of these datasets is subject to controlled access by the Data and Biospecimen Access Committee of the H3Africa Consortium. GWAS summary statistics are accessible through the NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog (; FG-BMIadjusted, GCST90503329; FG-BMIunadjusted, GCST90503330; FI-BMIadjusted, GCST90503331; FI-BMIunadjusted, GCST90503332; HOMA-B-BMIadjusted, GCST90503333; HOMA-B-BMIunadjusted, GCST90503334; HOMA-IR-BMIadjusted, GCST90503335; HOMA-IR-BMIunadjusted, GCST90503336). Other published datasets included in this study are referenced in the Methods section.

: No custom codes were used in this study. We used publicly available software (referenced in the Methods section) in this research. The H3A-Africa GWAS pipeline was used for quality control analysis and fine mapping, and can be accessed at . Other scripts used in this study are available at .

: The AWI-Gen Collaborative Center is funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI; grant number U54HG006938) as part of the Human Heredity and Health in Africa Consortium. Additional funding was granted by the Department of Science and Technology (now the Department of Science and Innovation), South Africa (award number DST/CON 0056/2014). The funders were not involved in the study’s design, in collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or in drafting the report, and did not restrict publication of the research.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: AC, DS and MR conceived the study. ANW and NJC guided VJC regarding participant inclusion and exclusion criteria. VJC performed all analyses under the guidance of AC, DS and MR. VJC drafted the manuscript with input and supervision from MR, AC and DS. EAN, GA, ZS, PRB and IK directed fieldwork and sample collection. All authors have read, commented on, and approved the submitted version. VJC is responsible for the integrity of the work as whole.