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Article History

Received: 13 December 2024

Accepted: 22 January 2025

First Online: 2 April 2025

Acknowledgements

: We are grateful to all study participants and their family members for their cooperation over many years. We thank C. Fall, B. Coyaji, V. N. Rao (all KEM Hospital Research Centre, India) and the late D. J. P. Barker (Southampton General Hospital, UK) for their support in establishing the PMNS. We also thank the staff of the Diabetes Unit at the King Edward Memorial Hospital Research Centre for their help in conducting the study over a 30 year period. We are grateful to the Indian Council of Medical Research, the Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council, UK for their funding support. We thank J. Postma for grant management, I. Artner and N. Wierup for critical reading of the manuscript, M. Marziaz for statistical advice and Leif Groop for critical insights and advice on the parent-of-origin concepts (all Lund University, Sweden). Some of the data formed part of GH’s PhD thesis. In addition, some of the data were presented as an abstract at the 60th EASD Annual Meeting in 2024.

: The data that support the findings of this study are not openly available for reasons of sensitivity, and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Data are stored in controlled-access data storage at the King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India, and Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.

: Open access funding provided by Lund University. This study was supported by Network grant for Indo-Swedish collaboration from the Swedish Research Council (2015-06722) and the Department of Science and Technology of the Government of India (DST/INT/SWD/VR/P-04/2016) to RBP and CSY. The PMNS and PCS cohorts were funded by the Wellcome Trust, UK (grants 038128/Z/93, 059609/Z/99, 079877/Z/06/Z, 098575/B/12/Z and 083460/Z/07/Z), the Medical Research Council, UK (grant MR/J000094/1) and the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (grant BT/PR-6870/PID/20/268/2005). The PMNS cohort was also funded intramurally by the King Edward Memorial Hospital Research Centre.RBP was supported by the Crafoord Foundation (grant number 20200891), the Åke Wibergs Stiftelse (grant number M20-0214), the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation (grant number 20180522), the Hjelt Foundation, the Swedish Research Council (2021-02623), VINNOVA (2023-04234), the Direktör Albert Påhlssons Stiftelse, the EFSD and the Lilly European Diabetes Research Programme. CSY was a visiting professor at the Danish Diabetes Academy (supported by Novo Nordisk Foundation) and the Southern University of Denmark during 2016-2019.

: SB is employed at Cytel Inc. All authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: RW, GH, JA and RBP analysed the data. RBP developed the study concept and design. RW and RBP wrote the manuscript. All authors took part in interpretation of the results, reviewed the manuscript critically for important intellectual content, and gave final approval of the version to be published. RBP and CSY are the guarantors of this work, and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.